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14 February 2016
insidious twistednesses. They have spawned
the laxity whereby a politician can say one thing
to one crowd and another to the next. Enda
Kenny can assert Ireland’s commitment to Cli-
mate Change while almost in the same breath
whisper his continued support for Irish agricul-
ture’s expansionary and carbon-intensive
ambitions. Fianna Fáil can be both left-wing and
right-wing: Bertie Ahern, purveying his “social-
ist agenda” from the Galway tent.
The media hardly demur as they often engage
in the same doublespeak. For example, an Irish
Times editorial on December 5th came with the
no-nonsense title: ‘Rhetoric must give way to
action in push for COP21 deal on climate
change’. It criticised Enda Kenny’s hypocrisy in
promoting climate-unfriendly beef production
but casually accepted his agenda; in the end
inveighing lamely: "If that is the case we must
make meaningful commitments on other
fronts".
Accounting for the absence of clear ideologi-
cal demarcation between Irish political parties
requires further exploration of Irish history. In
the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars the
United Kingdom could resume trade with the
Continent, making Irish grain relatively expen-
sive and giving a comparative advantage to
cattle farming. The Famine accelerated the
transformation of the rural economy from
labour-intensive tillage to extensive pasture
where profitability required a low labour input.
Population continued to decline from the 1850s
to the 1950s as emigration denuded rural Ire-
land especially of the youth which might have
brought entrepreneurial creativity or, failing
that, revolution.
The Land War of the 1880s, while destructive
to the Protestant Ascendancy that had been at
the apex of an almost feudal society since the
seventeenth century, did not alter the funda-
mental economic structures as pastoral
agriculture remained dominant. An increasingly
petit bourgeois Irish peasantry sold beef and
butter and purchased, mainly imported foods
and other goods, on the British imperial market.
A declining population, absentee landlords, a
lack of state intervention, and distance from
markets explain why the Industrial Revolution
only arrived in the North East. The large surplus
of Irish labour migrated to Lancashire, Glas-
gow, New York and beyond. Without a
substantial urban proletariat socialist move
-
ments had little support base.
The onset of Sinn Féin (We Ourselves) in 1905
presented the possibility of a new politics of
self-reliance and re-distribution, but through-
out its history and that of its progenies the
national card has trumped the egalitarian.
The 1916 Rising was driven by poets and led
to a romantic view of politics that derided the
empirical, the utilitarian and often even the
practical. There was an 'imagined community'
of the nation. Nothing more realistic.
Pádraic Pearse, the poet leader of the 1916
Rising whose rhetoric of blood sacrifice invites
comparison with fascism, implanted in the
body politic enduring notions of nationalist her-
oism. From the outset, insufficient attention
was paid to dreary niceties such as infrastruc-
ture, regional development and planning.
Ideological incoherence and institutional
inefficiency fed off each other.
An historic opportunity presented itself at the
end of World War I when Ireland became inde-
pendent and a generation mainly in their
thirties came to power.
But this unprecedented generational shift
descended into a murderous Civil War whose
source of contention was a scintilla of doctrine,
in a quasi-throwback to the arcane disputations
of a medieval church council: the Oath of Alle-
giance to the King. That ‘empty formula of
words’, as it was later conceded by Eamon de
Valera in another example of linguistic contor-
tion, was the main point of contention in the
Treaty debates.
Unfortunately Sinn Féin had spawned what
were to become more or less all this State's
political forces.
The Sinn Féin gene pool has generated
Cumann na nGaedheal (1922-35), Fianna Fáil
(1927-), Fine Gael (1935-), arguably Clann na
Poblachta (1946-65) and the latest manifesta-
tion of Sinn Féin (1969).
Each has played musical chairs with ideol-
ogy: Fianna Fáil swinging between
protectionism and open markets; Fine Gael
tense between the idea of a Just Society and the
economic conservatism of Christian
Democracy.
What really distinguishes one from the other
is the degree of commitment to the nationalist
cause. Fine Gael became the party of concilia-
tory nationalism that captured the former
Unionist constituency in the South.
The political lines were first drawn between,
essentially, two parties that have been the
dominant partner in every government since
independence. Any individual ambitious to
attain high political office has, except in rare,
tidal, circumstances, had to work within the
confines of these parties.
It is not unusual that two parties should dom-
inate the history of a state but sheer ideological
incoherence in Ireland creates a gravitational
pull towards the centre and the parochial.
The crucible of the Civil War forged political
allegiances often owing more to personal loy-
alty than ideology. We see these tribal loyalties
passed down to descendants a century later.
There is little hope that its current incarna-
tion of Sinn Féin won’t bend their current
socialist leanings to political expediency. It
should be recalled that in 1969 the Provisionals
split with the Officials over the former’s com-
mitment to the nationalist cause and the latter’s
attention to the workers’ struggle. The Officials
became the Workers Party and then Democratic
Left. Sinn Féin became the political wing of the
nationalist Provisionals.
As a fundamentally nationalist party it is
unsurprising that Sinn Féin should in opposi-
tion seek radical economic redistribution but
risk, in the minds of the weary and the wise, a
deference to ‘economic realities’ on entering
government. Certainly its record in the Northern
Executive and opposition to a Property Tax in
the South, and its performance at local -author-
ity level, reveals pragmatic tendencies. That is
not to say that parties in coalition should never
make concessions to partners, but when a
movement’s core value is nationalism it is
always possible that commitment to social and
economic objectives may recede.
The Labour Party is the enduring mainstream
party of the Left. Before independence, leaders
such as James Connolly and James Larkin
argued in favour of radical wealth-redistribu-
tion in Irish society, but without a significant
urban proletariat they could not muster a sub-
stantial opposition to the different hues of
green. As the state has developed the party has
grown unhealthily close to a ‘permanent and
pensionable’ civil service and other privileged
groups. Instructively, its core support is among
the wealthier denizens of South Dublin.
Contrast this with the UK where a radical poli-
tician such as Jeremy Corbyn can survive in the
broad left-wing church of a party of government
such as the Labour Party.
It has been argued that Ireland’s embracing
political climate shines favourably for foreign
investment but the absence of genuinely left-
wing administrations has delayed the arrival of
socialist measures found elsewhere in Europe
that could have alleviated the poverty that has
tainted the history of the Free State.
We have not seen a government like that of
the post-War Labour administration in the UK
which introduced the Welfare State and the
The crucible of the Civil
War forged political
allegiances often owing
more to personal loyalty
than ideology
2016 ELECTION